Relationship between physical activity and specific working memory indicators of depressive symptoms in university students.

BACKGROUND: The detection rate of depression among university students has been increasing in recent years, becoming one of the main psychological diseases that endangers their physical and mental health. According to statistics, self-harm and suicide, for which there is no effective intervention, are the second leading causes of death. AIM: To explore the relationship between different elements and levels of physical activity and college students' depression-symptom-specific working memory indicators. METHODS: Of 143 college students were analyzed using the Beck Depression Self-Rating Scale, the Physical Activity Rating Scale, and the Working Memory Task. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between college students with depressive symptoms and healthy college students in completing verbal and spatial working memory (SWM) tasks correctly (all P < 0.01). Physical Activity Scale-3 scores were significantly and positively correlated with the correct rate of the verbal working memory task (r = 0.166) and the correct rate of the SWM task (r = 0.210) (all P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the correct rates of verbal and SWM tasks according to different exercise intensities (all P < 0.05) and different exercise durations (all P < 0.05), and no significant differences in the correct rates of verbal and SWM tasks by exercise frequency (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: An increase in physical exercise among college students, particularly medium- and high-intensity exercise and exercise of 30 min or more, can improve the correct rate of completing working memory tasks.

Treatment response assessment to chemotherapy with bevacizumab for colorectal liver metastasis by contrast-enhanced ultrasound.

Background: Though contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) perfusion parameters have been approved to be potential indicators for response to chemotherapy in solid tumors, their ability in assessment of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) to chemotherapy with bevacizumab (Bev) has rarely been investigated. Methods: From March 2021 to May 2022, 115 consecutive CRLM patients with CEUS pre- and post-2 months' chemotherapy with Bev were prospectively enrolled. One target lesion per patient underwent CEUS quantitative analysis with SonoLiver software. Rise time, time-to-peak, mean transit time, maximal intensity (IMAX), and area under the time-intensity curve (AUC) were assessed with region of interest (ROI) selected on whole lesion, lesion periphery, and internal lesion, respectively. The reduction and ratio of post- to pre-treatment in parameters were investigated in development cohort (n=89) and validated in internal validation cohort (n=26) according to the chronological order. Results: With modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor as reference, 48, 14 responders and 41, 12 non-responders were included in development and validation cohort, respectively. Significantly smaller values of IMAX and AUC on ROIwhole, ROIperipheral, and ROIinternal, were observed post-treatment in development cohort (all P<0.05). In predicting treatment response, the influence of ROI selection was observed when using ∆IMAX and ∆AUC, while no influence was observed using ratios. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCs) for ∆IMAX and ∆AUC on ROIperipheral were 0.939 (0.867-0.979), 0.951 (0.883-0.985), and 0.917 (0.740-0.988), 0.923 (0.748-0.990) in development and validation cohort, respectively. For ratios of IMAX and AUC, AUROCs were 0.976 (0.919-0.997), 0.938 (0.865-0.978), and 0.899 (0.717-0.982), 0.982 (0.836-1.000) in development and validation cohort, respectively. Conclusions: IMAX and AUC showed significant reductions in responders, and different analyses ROIs influence the performance of ∆IMAX and ∆AUC in response assessment. Parameters derived from ROI peripheral exhibited the most promising results in predicting treatment response.

Responses of the Serum Lipid Profile to Exercise and Diet Interventions in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the response patterns of circulating lipids to exercise and diet interventions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: The 8.6-month four-arm randomized controlled study comprised 115 NAFLD patients with prediabetes who were assigned to aerobic exercise (AEx, n = 29), low-carbohydrate diet (Diet, n = 28), aerobic exercise plus low-carbohydrate diet (AED, n = 29) and non-intervention (NI, n = 29) groups. Hepatic fat content (HFC) was quantified by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Serum lipidomic analytes were measured using liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS: After intervention, the total level of phosphatidylcholine (PC) increased significantly in the AEx group (p = 0.043), while phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and triacylglycerol decreased significantly in the AED group (p = 0.046, p = 0.036 respectively), phosphatidylserine decreased in the NI group (p = 0.002). Changes of 21 lipid metabolites were significantly associated with changes of HFC, among which half belonged to PC. Most of the molecules related to insulin sensitivity belonged to sphingomyelin (40 of 79). Controlling for the change of visceral fat, the significant associations between lipid metabolites and HFC remained. In addition, baseline serum lipids could predict the response of HFC to exercise and/or diet interventions (PE15:0/18:0 for AED, AUC = 0.97; PE22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/0:0 for AEx, AUC = 0.90; and PC14:1(9Z)/19:1(9Z) for Diet, AUC = 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Changes of lipidome after exercise and/or diet interventions were associated with HFC reductions, which are independent of visceral fat reduction, particularly in metabolites belonging to phosphatidylcholine. Importantly, baseline phosphatidylethanolamine could predict the HFC response to exercise and phosphatidylcholine predicted the response to diet. These results indicate that a circulating metabolomics panel can be used to facilitate clinical implementation of lifestyle interventions for NAFLD management.

Optimizing the Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Benzoquinone-Embedded COF via Heat Treatment for a High-Energy Organic Cathode.

A benzoquinone-embedded aza-fused covalent organic framework (BQ COF) with the maximum loading of redox-active units per molecule was employed as a cathode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to achieve high energy and power densities. The synthesis was optimized to obtain high crystallinity and improved electrochemical performance. Synthesis at moderate temperature followed by a solid-state reaction was found to be particularly useful for achieving good crystallinity and the activation of the COF. When used as a cathode for LIBs, very high discharge capacities of 513, 365, and 234 mAh g-1 were obtained at 0.1C, 1C, and 10C, respectively, showing a remarkable rate performance. More than 70% of the initial capacity was retained after 1000 cycles when the cathode was investigated for cyclic performance at 2.5C. We demonstrated that a straightforward heat treatment led to enhanced crystallinity, an optimized structure, and favorable morphology, resulting in enhanced electrode kinetics and an improved overall electrochemical behavior. A comparative study was conducted involving an aza-fused COF lacking carbonyl groups (TAB COF) and a small molecule containing phenazine and carbonyl (3BQ), providing useful insights into new material design. A full cell was assembled with graphite as the anode to assess the commercial feasibility of BQ COF, and a discharge capacity of 240 mAh g-1 was obtained at 0.5C. Furthermore, a pouch-type cell with a high discharge capacity and an excellent rate performance was assembled, demonstrating the practical applicability of our designed cathode. Considering the entire mass of the working electrode, a specific energy density of 492 Wh kg-1 and a power density of 492 W kg-1 were achieved at the high current density of 1C, which are comparable to those of commercially available cathodes. These results highlight the promise of organic electrode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Furthermore, this study provides a systematic approach for simultaneously designing organic materials with high power and energy densities.

Ginsenoside compound K exerts anti-inflammatory effects through transcriptional activation and transcriptional inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes.

Ginsenoside compound K (GCK) has anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects, and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been considered as its potential target. But the mechanism by which GCK exerts its anti-inflammatory effects after GR activation remains unclear. In this study, molecular docking, isothermal titration calorimetry, siRNA of GR and GRA458T mutation were used to confirm the anti-inflammatory mechanism of GCK targeting GR in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). The results showed that the key binding sites of GR and GCK were identified as ASN564, MET560 and ASN638, with binding levels at the µm level. In addition, the inhibitory effect of GCK on the proliferation of FLS and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1ß) were mediated by transcriptional activation of GR, but on the migration, invasion, and TNF-α secretion of FLS were mediated by transcriptional inhibition of GR. These actions exert anti-inflammatory effects through indirect and direct inhibition of NF-κB transcriptional activity, respectively. In conclusion, this study elucidates that GCK can directly bind to and activate GR. Furthermore, after activation, GR mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of GCK through two mechanisms: transcriptional activation and transcriptional inhibition.

Biased regulation of glucocorticoid receptors signaling.

Glucocorticoids (GCs), steroid hormones that depend on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding for their action, are essential for regulating numerous homeostatic functions in the body.GR signals are biased, that is, GR signals are various in different tissue cells, disease states and ligands. This biased regulation of GR signaling appears to depend on ligand-induced metameric regulation, protein post-translational modifications, assembly at response elements, context-specific assembly (recruitment of co-regulators) and intercellular differences. Based on the bias regulation of GR, selective GR agonists and modulators (SEGRAMs) were developed to bias therapeutic outcomes toward expected outcomes (e.g., anti-inflammation and immunoregulation) by influencing GR-mediated gene expression. This paper provides a review of the bias regulation and mechanism of GR and the research progress of drugs.

High-resolution reduced field-of-view diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of cervical cancer.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has now become the best modality for the preoperative staging of cervical cancer. This study was to compare the value of high-resolution reduced field-of-view diffusion-weighted MR imaging (r-FOV DWI) with conventional field-of-view (c-FOV DWI) in the diagnosis of cervical cancer. Methods: Forty-five patients (25 patients with cervical cancer and 20 patients with normal cervix) received magnetic resonance (MR) scans (3.0T), including both r-FOV DWI and c-FOV DWI sequences. The image quality (IQ) of both sequences was subjectively assessed by two attending radiologists using a double-blind method and quantitatively by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Moreover, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values for cervical cancer were blindly measured by one technician on the ADC map. Results: The subjective scores of r-FOV DWI images were higher than those of c-FOV DWI (P<0.0001), and the interrater reliability was in good agreement [Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) =0.547-0.914]. There was a significant difference in CNR between the two DWI image groups (r-FOV DWI 12.73±5.56 vs. c-FOV DWI 11.21±5.92, P=0.019). The difference in mean ADC values between the two DWI sequences was statistically significant [r-FOV DWI (0.690±0.195)×10-3 mm2/s vs. c-FOV DWI (0.794±0.167)×10-3 mm2/s, P<0.001]. The ADC value of cervical cancer lesions [(0.690±0.195)×10-3 mm2/s] was significantly lower than that of normal cervix ADC value [(1.506±0.188)×10-3 mm2/s]. Conclusions: r-FOV DWI can effectively improve the spatial resolution of the image while reducing distortion and artifacts. Furthermore, it can help to diagnose cervical cancer more accurately for the more realistic ADC values.

"11 for Health" in China - Effects on physical fitness in 9-11-year-old schoolchildren.

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown that the school-based physical activity programme entitled "11 for Health" has been effective in improving the physical fitness, well-being and overall health profile of European children. The main purpose of the present study was to examine whether the "11 for Health" programme can have a positive impact on the physical fitness of primary school pupils in China. A total of 124 primary school pupils aged 9-11 years were included in the experiment, randomly divided into the experimental group (EG, n = 62) and the control group (CG, n = 62). EG carried out three weekly 35-minute sessions of small-sided football for a total of 11 weeks. All data were analysed by a mixed ANOVA with the Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test. The results showed greater improvements (p<0.001) in EG than CG in relation to systolic blood pressure (-2.9 vs +2.0 mmHg). Moreover, greater improvements (all p<0.05) were observed in postural balance (13 vs 0%), standing long jump (5.0 vs 0.5%), 30-metre sprint (4.1 vs 1.3%) and Yo-Yo IR1C running performance (17% vs 6%). In both EG and CG, physical activity enjoyment was observed to be higher (P<0.05) compared to the start of the intervention with increases of 3.7 and 3.9 AU respectively. In conclusion, the study revealed that the "11 for Health" programme has positive effects on aerobic and muscular fitness, and it appears to be a relevant tool in the physical activity promotion in the Chinese school system.

The combined health education and football programme "11 for Health" was tested for the first time in the Chinese school system.The "11 for Health" programme had positive effects on the cardiovascular and muscular fitness of 9­11-year-old Chinese school children.The "11 for Health" programme seems to be a relevant tool for physical activity promotion in the Chinese school system, but further studies are warranted to test the implementation potential of the programme and the broadspectrum effects on physical activity enjoyment, wellbeing and health profile.

Status of pediatric echocardiography clinical trials: a cross-sectional study of registered trials in ClinicalTrials.gov.

Background: The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of pediatric echocardiography clinical trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. Methods: A data set including pediatric echocardiography clinical trials was downloaded from ClinicalTrials.gov until May 13, 2022. We searched the PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Embase databases to extract publication data. Pediatric echocardiography trial characteristics, application areas, and publication status were described. The secondary objectives were to evaluate factors associated with trial publication. Results: We identified 410 pediatric echocardiography reporting definite age, of which 246 were interventional and 146 were observational. Drug interventions were the most commonly studied (32.9%). The most applied area of pediatric echocardiography was congenital heart disease, followed by hemodynamics of preterm or neonatal infants, cardiomyopathy, inflammatory heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, and cardio-oncology. According to the primary completion data, 54.9% of the trials were completed before August 2020. 34.2% of the trials had been published within 24 months. Union countries and quadruple masking were more likely to be published. Conclusion: Echocardiography is rapidly evolving in pediatric clinical applications, including anatomic imaging and functional imaging. Novel speckle tracking techniques have also been pivotal in the assessment of cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction. A small number of clinical trials in pediatric echocardiography are published in a timely fashion. Concerted efforts are needed to promote trial transparency.

Three new species of Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) from soils in China.

Trichoderma spp. are diverse fungi with wide distribution. In this study, we report on three new species of Trichoderma, namely T.nigricans, T.densissimum and T.paradensissimum, collected from soils in China. Their phylogenetic position of these novel species was determined by analyzing the concatenated sequences of the second largest nuclear RNA polymerase subunit encoding gene (rpb2) and the translation elongation factor 1- alpha encoding gene (tef1). The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that each new species formed a distinct clade: T.nigricans is a new member of the Atroviride Clade, and T.densissimum and T.paradensissimum belong to the Harzianum Clade. A detailed description of the morphology and cultural characteristics of the newly discovered Trichoderma species is provided, and these characteristics were compared with those of closely related species to better understand the taxonomic relationships within the Trichoderma.

New insights into breast microcalcification for poor prognosis: NACT cohort and bone metastasis evaluation cohort.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to analyze the poor prognosis of microcalcification in breast cancer (BC), including the pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and the risk of bone metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 313 breast cancer patients received NACT to evaluate pCR and 1182 patients from a multicenter database to assess bone metastases were retrospectively included. Two groups were divided according to the presence or absence of mammography microcalcification. Clinical data, image characteristics, neoadjuvant treatment response, bone involvement, and follow-up information were recorded. The pCR and bone metastases were compared between subgroups using the Mann-Whitney and χ2 tests and logistic regression, respectively. RESULTS: Mammographic microcalcification was associated with a lower pCR than uncalcified BC in the NACT cohort (20.6% vs 31.6%, P = 0.029). Univariate and multivariate analysis suggested that calcification was a risk factor for poor NACT response [OR = 1.780, 95%CI (1.065-2.974), P = 0.028], [OR = 2.352, 95%CI (1.186-4.667), P = 0.014]. Microcalcification was more likely to be necrosis on MRI than those without microcalcification (53.0% vs 31.7%, P < 0.001), multivariate analysis indicated that tumor necrosis was also a risk factor for poor NACT response [OR = 2.325, 95%CI (1.100-4.911), P = 0.027]. Age, menopausal status, breast density, mass, molecular, and pathology type were not significantly associated with non-pCR risk assessment. In a multicenter cohort of 1182 patients with pathologically confirmed BC, those with microcalcifications had a higher proportion of bone metastases compared to non-calcified BC (11.6% vs 4.9%, P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that microcalcification was an independent risk factor for bone metastasis [OR = 2.550, 95%CI (1.620-4.012), P < 0.001], [OR = 2.268(1.263-4.071), P = 0.006)]. Osteolytic bone metastases predominated but there was no statistical difference between the two groups (78.9% vs 60.7%, P = 0.099). Calcified BC was mainly involved in axial bone, but was more likely to involve the whole-body bone than non-calcified BC (33.8% vs 10.7%, P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: This study provides important insights into the poor prognosis of microcalcification, not only in terms of poor response to NACT but also the risk factor of bone metastases.

The Preliminary Application of Simultaneous Display of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound and Micro-Flow Imaging Technology in the Diagnosis of Hepatic Tumors.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the value of simultaneous display of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and micro-flow imaging technology (CEUS-MFI) in intra-tumoral vessel detection and hepatic tumor diagnosis. METHODS: A total of 82 patients with 82 focal liver lesions were enrolled in this study. Each patient received ultrasound exams including color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI), micro-flow imaging (MFI), contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), and CEUS-MFI with a Philips EPIQ7 ultrasound imaging system. The intra-tumoral vessels detected by CDFI, MFI, and CEUS-MFI were compared, respectively. The accuracy and confidence of using CEUS and CEUS-MFI in diagnosing hepatic tumors were also compared. RESULTS: CEUS-MFI was capable of detecting more hepatic intra-tumoral vessels than MFI (P = .000) and CDFI (P = .000). Compared with CEUS, CEUS-MFI improved the diagnostic accuracy of hepatic lesions (P = .009). Particularly, among the correctly diagnosed hepatic lesions, the number of cases where radiologists diagnosed with great confidence was increased from 88.4% (61/69) with CEUS only to 92.4% (73/79) with CEUS-MFI (P = .041). CONCLUSIONS: CEUS-MFI is sensitive in detecting hepatic intra-tumoral vessels and can improve the accuracy and confidence of radiologists in diagnosing hepatic lesions.

Impaired barrier integrity of endothelial cells induced by PEGylated black phosphorus nanosheets.

PEGylated black phosphorus nanosheets (PEG-BPNSs) have shown promising applications in biomedicine and potentially interact with the vasculature following iatrogenic exposures. Whether the exposure to PEG-BPNSs could induce toxic effects on endothelial cells that line the blood vessels remains largely unknown. Herein, we investigate the cellular response and transcriptional profiling of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) after the exposure to BPNSs and PEG-BPNSs. BPNSs and PEG-BPNSs induce cellular elongation and cause significant cytotoxicity to HUVECs at 0.8 µg/mL, with viabilities of 87.8% and 87.7% respectively. The transcriptome analysis indicates that BPNSs and PEG-BPNSs at 0.4 µg/mL cause marked alterations in the expression of genes associated with detection of stimulus, ion transmembrane transport and components of plasma membrane. BPNSs and PEG-BPNSs at 0.4 µg/mL decrease the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) across monolayers of HUVECs by 22.8% and 20.3% compared to the control, respectively. The disturbance of tight junctions (TJs) after 24 h exposure to 0.4 µg/mL BPNSs and PEG-BPNSs is indicated with the downregulated mRNA expression of zona occluden-1 (ZO-1) by respective 16.5% and 29.9%, which may be involved in the impairment of endothelial barrier integrity. Overall, the response of HUVECs to PEG-BPNSs and BPNSs has no statistical difference, suggesting that PEGylation does not attenuate the BPNSs-induced endothelial injury. This study demonstrates the detrimental effects of BPNSs and PEG-BPNSs on barrier integrity of HUVECs, contributing to our understanding on the potential toxicological mechanisms.

Toward an intensive understanding of sewer sediment prokaryotic community assembly and function.

Prokaryotic communities play important roles in sewer sediment ecosystems, but the community composition, functional potential, and assembly mechanisms of sewer sediment prokaryotic communities are still poorly understood. Here, we studied the sediment prokaryotic communities in different urban functional areas (multifunctional, commercial, and residential areas) through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Our results suggested that the compositions of prokaryotic communities varied significantly among functional areas. Desulfomicrobium, Desulfovibrio, and Desulfobacter involved in the sulfur cycle and some hydrolytic fermentation bacteria were enriched in multifunctional area, while Methanospirillum and Methanoregulaceae, which were related to methane metabolism were significantly discriminant taxa in the commercial area. Physicochemical properties were closely related to overall community changes (p < 0.001), especially the nutrient levels of sediments (i.e., total nitrogen and total phosphorus) and sediment pH. Network analysis revealed that the prokaryotic community network of the residential area sediment was more complex than the other functional areas, suggesting higher stability of the prokaryotic community in the residential area. Stochastic processes dominated the construction of the prokaryotic community. These results expand our understanding of the characteristics of prokaryotic communities in sewer sediment, providing a new perspective for studying sewer sediment prokaryotic community structure.

Internal and external load during 8 v 8, 5 v 5 and 3 v 3 in Chinese elite youth male football players.

Aim to investigate internal and external load in three different game formats (8 v 8, 5 v 5, 3 v 3 with 80 m2 per player) of small-sided games (SSG) in Chinese elite youth football players. Twenty-nine elite male football players (age: 18.3 ± 0.5 years (mean ± SD), height: 175 ± 6 cm, weight: 65.5 ± 6.3 kg) participated in randomized order in the three formats. Each session consisted of 20 min: 3 v 3 on a 24 × 20-m pitch, 5 v 5 on a 32 × 25-m pitch, or 8 v 8 on a 40 × 32-m pitch all equalling 80 m2 per player. Each player was recorded once in each format. Using GPS-units and heart rate belts and blood lactate measured the two kinds of load. 8-10% higher total distance (P < 0.01) was observed in 8 v 8 and 5 v 5 compared with 3 v 3 (1627 ± 240 and 1595 ± 243 m vs. 1477 ± 179 m, ES = 0.55-0.71). Higher distance (P < 0.001) was covered with high speed running (HSR: > 14 km/h) in 8 v 8 and 5 v 5 than 3 v 3 (154 ± 94 m and 133 ± 59 m vs. 77 ± 35, ES = 1.09-1.15), whereas very high speed running distance (> 21 km/h) was higher (P < 0.01) in 8 v 8 than 5 v 5 and 3 v 3 (15.2 ± 19.5 vs. 5.3 ± 6.7 and 1.0 ± 0.4 m, ES = 0.69-1.03) and in 5 v 5 than 3 v 3. No difference was found between game formats in the number of intense accelerations nor intense decelerations. Blood lactate (3.5 ± 2.3 vs. 2.8 ± 1.9 vs. 2.4 ± 1.5 mmol · L-1, P = 0.201) and mean heart rate (155 ± 21 vs. 160 ± 11 vs. 157 ± 17 bpm, P = 0.254) was not different between 8v8, 5v5 and 3v3 game formats. Distance covered in total and in highest speed zones was higher in SSG formats with more players, which, however, did not lead to differences in internal load measured by heart rate and blood lactate.

Heat stress affects potato's volatile emissions that mediate agronomically important trophic interactions.

Potato, a cool-weather crop, emits volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which attract the specialist herbivore, Phthorimaea operculella, but also this herbivore's parasitic wasp, Trichogramma chilonis, an important biocontrol agent. What happens to this trophic system when heat stress challenges this agro-ecosystem? We studied how high temperature (HT) pre-treatments influence potato's VOC emissions and their subsequent effects on the preferences of insects, as evaluated in oviposition assays and Y-tube olfactometers. HT pre-stressed plants were less attractive to P. operculella adult moths, which were repelled by HT VOCs, but increased the recruitment of the parasitoid, T. chilonis, which were attracted. VOC emissions, including the most abundant constituent, ß-caryophyllene, were enhanced by HT treatments; some constituents elicited stronger behavioural responses than others. Transcripts of many genes in the biosynthetic pathways of these VOCs were significantly enhanced by HT treatment, suggesting increases in de novo biosynthesis. HT increased the plant's stomatal apertures, and exogenous applications of the hormone, ABA, known to suppress stomatal apertures, reduced leaf volatile emissions and affected the HT-altered plant attractions to both insects. From these results, we infer that HT stress affects this plant-insect interaction through its influence on VOC emissions, potentially decreasing herbivore ovipositions while increasing ovipositions of the parasitoid.